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The primary author of this profile was Chara Scroope (2021) with updates made to the Core Concepts section in 2025.

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• Australian Embassy Tokyo. (2021a). Australia and Japan’s 107 sister-city/sister-state relationships.
• Australian Embassy Tokyo. (2021b). Family Law—Child Custody in Japan.
• Australian Trade and Investment Commission. (2021). Export Markets—Japan: Doing Business.
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• Brown, L. K. (2017). Ethnic Diversity and the Origins of the Japanese. Japan: Places, Images, Times, & Transformations.
• Bullock, B. (2020a). Etiquette.
• Bullock, B. (2020b). Names.
• Center for Okinawan Studies. (2010). Okinawan Facts. University of Hawai’i.
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• Connell, J. (1993). Kitanai, Kitsui and Kiken: The Rise of Labour Migration to Japan. Economic & Regional Restructuring Research Unit, University of Sydney.
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• Fukusawa, M. (2015). Immigration—Missing Link in Japanese History: Why Are There So Many Okinawan Immigrants? – Part 1 (M. Otsuka, Trans.).
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• Hashimoto, A. (2017). War Memory in Japan. Japan: Places, Images, Times, & Transformations.
• Haugh, M. (2005). Asian Business Discourse(s)—What does ‘face’ mean to the Japanese? Understanding the import of ‘face’ in Japanese business interactions. In F. Bargiela-Chiappini & M. Gotti (Eds.), Asian Business Discourse(s) (pp. 211–240). Peter Lang.
• Hein, L. E., & Selden, M. (2003). Culture, Power and Identity in Contemporary Okinawa. In L. E. Hein & M. Selden (Eds.), Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power (pp. 1–36). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
• Hirai, N. (2020). Shintō. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Hirata, K. (2008). Who Shapes the National Security Debate? Divergent Interpretations of Japan’s Security Role. Asian Affairs, 35(3), 123–151.
• Hyde, S. (2015, August 10). Japan’s way of remembering World War II still infuriates its neighbours.
• International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook Database [Dataset].
• Ishikida, M. (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse.
• Ito, H. (1889). The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (M. Ito, Trans.). In Commentaries on the constitution of the empire of Japan. Igirisu Hôritsu Gakkô.
• Japan Book Publishers Association. (2017). An Introduction to Publishing in Japan 2017-2018. Japan Book Publishers Association.
• Japan Guide. (2020). Public holidays and annual events in Japan.
• JapanesePod101. (2019). Japanese hand gestures and body language.
• JR Pass. (2019). A guide to Japanese etiquette.
• Keown, D. (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Kobayakawa, A. (2020). Japan’s Modernization and Discrimination: What are Buraku and Burakumin? Critical Sociology, 47(1), 111–132.
• Kopp, R. (2020). Defining Nemawashi.
• Lee, K., & Lew, Y. I. (2020). Korea: Korea Under Japanese Rule. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Masai, Y., Latz, G., & Hijino, S. (2020). Japan: Daily life and social customs.
• McCurry, J. (2015, November 5). Same-sex couple receives Japan’s first “partnership” certificate. The Guardian.
• Migrant Information Centre (Eastern Melbourne). (2021). Japanese Cultural Profile [Fact sheet].
• Ministry of Justice. (2008). The Nationality Law.
• Minority Rights Group International. (2018a). Japan: Ainu.
• Minority Rights Group International. (2018b). Japan: Burakumin (Buraku people).
• Minority Rights Group International. (2018c). Japan: Koreans.
• Minority Rights Group International. (2018d). Japan: Ryukyuans (Okinawans).
• Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2010). UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). UNESCO Publishing.
• Museums Victoria. (2017). Immigration History from Japan to Victoria. Museums Victoria.
• Nippon Hoso Kyokai [NHK]. (2018). How the religious consciousness and behaviour of Japanese people has changed. [In Japanese].
• OECD. (2019a). Better Life Index: Japan.
• OECD. (2019b). Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators. OECD Publishing.
• OECD. (2019c). Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class—How does Japan compare? (Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class). OECD Publishing.
• OECD. (2021). Education GPS.
• Osawa, M., & Kingston, J. (2015). Risk and Consequences: The Changing Japanese Employment Paradigm. In F. Baldwin & A. Allison (Eds.), Japan: The Precarious Future (pp. 58–86). New York University Press.
• Pew Research Center. (2015). Americans, Japanese: Mutual Respect 70 Years After the End of WWII.
• Porcu, E. (2017). Contemporary Japanese Buddhist Traditions. In M. Jerryson (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism (pp. 122–140). Oxford University Press.
• ProQuest. (2017). Japan. ProQuest & Brigham Young University.
• Ray, M. (2017). Pacific War. Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Ray, M. (2020). Battle of Okinawa. Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Reader, I. (2006). Japanese New Religious Movements. In M. Juergensmeyer (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions (pp. 141–154). Oxford University Press.
• Rots, A. P. (2017). Shinto, Nature and Ideology in Contemporary Japan: Making Sacred Forests. Bloomsbury Academic.
• Sawa, Y. (2019). Digital New Report: Japan.
• Semuels, A. (2017, September 7). Japan is no place for single mothers. The Atlantic.
• Shimazono, S. (2006). Traditional Japanese Religious Society. In M. Juergensmeyer (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions (pp. 133–140). Oxford University Press.
• Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2020). Statistical Handbook of Japan 2020. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
• Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2021). Culture: Religious Organisations, Clergymen and Adherents (Nos. 26–15) [Dataset]. Japan Statistical Yearbook 2021.
• Stokes, B., & Devlin, K. (2018). Despite Rising Economic Confidence, Japanese See Best Days Behind Them and Say Children Face a Bleak Future. Pew Research Center.
• Sugimoto, Y. (2021). An Introduction to Japanese Society (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Tamura, T., Bergsten, C. F., & Choi, I. (2003). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy: The Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in the Japanese Economy. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
• The Yomiuri Shimbun. (2025, May 3). Yomiuri Poll: 60％ in Favor of Amending Japan Constitution; Figure in 60％ Range for Fourth Consecutive Year. The Japan News.
• Transparency International. (2024). Corruption Perceptions Index 2023 (Annual CPI Report).
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• Umeda, S. (2019). Japan: New Ainu Law Becomes Effective.
• Watanabe, A., Masai, Y., & Latz, G. (2020). Japan: Land. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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