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The primary author of this profile is Chara Scroope (2016). The ‘Papua New Guineans in Australia’ section was updated in 2025.

• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021a). 4-digit level ANCP Ancestry Multi Response by Australia (UR) (2021 Census of Population and Housing) [Data set]. ABS Census TableBuilder.
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021b). People in Australia who were born in Papua New Guinea [Data set]. 2021 Census Country of Birth QuickStats.
• Australian Trade and Investment Commission. (2024). Doing business in Papua New Guinea. Market Explorer Tool.
• Bainton, N. A. (2008). Men of Kastom and the Customs of Men: Status, Legitimacy and Persistent Values in Lihir, Papua New Guinea. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 19(2), 194–212.
• Bonnemère, P. (Ed.). (2013). Women as Unseen Characters: Male Ritual in Papua New Guinea. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Cass, P. (2000). “Yu Mas Kamap Wan Nesen”. The Mainstream Churches, Tok Pisin and National Identity in Papua New Guinea. Paideuma, 46, 253–266.
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2024, November 4). Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook.
• Culture Crossing Guide. (n.d.). Papua New Guinea. Culture Crossing Guide.
• Department of Employment and Workplace Relations. (2024). Pacific Australia Labour Mobility (PALM) Scheme Data (Data Summary September quarter 2024). Australian Government.
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2024a). Australia-Papua New Guinea engagement [Government Site]. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2024b). Papua New Guinea country brief [Government Site]. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
• Department of Home Affairs. (2018). Papua New Guinea-born Community Information Summary (Census of Population and Housing 2016, Country Data Summary). Commonwealth of Australia.
• eDiplomat. (1999, December 31). Papua New Guinea. eDiplomat.
• Handman, C. (2015). Critical Christianity: Translation and Denominational Conflict in Papua New Guinea. University of California Press.
• Hermkens, A.-K. (2013). Engendering objects: Dynamics of Barkcloth and Gender among the Maisin of Papua New Guinea. Sidestone Press.
• Khalidi, S. (with ACT Office of Multicultural, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs). (2012). The Cultural Dictionary and Directory (F. McIlroy & H. Neumayer, Eds.; 3rd ed.). Migrant and Refugee Settlement Services of the ACT Inc.
• May, R. J. (2004). State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years. ANU Press.
• May, R. J. (2022). State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 (1st ed.). ANU Press.
• Moffat, A. (Ed.). (2012). Papua New Guinean Cultural Profile. Diversicare.
• Museums Victoria. (2017). Immigration History from Papua New Guinea to Victoria. Origins.
• ProQuest. (2017). Independent State of Papua New Guinea. ProQuest & Brigham Young University.
• Robbins, J. (2006). Pacific Islands Religious Communities. In M. Juergensmeyer (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions (pp. 587–594). Oxford University Press.
• Rumsey, A., & Niles, D. (Eds.). (2011). Sung Tales from the Papua New Guinea Highlands. ANU Press.
• Safari the Globe. (2014, March). Papua New Guinea—Papua Niugini. Safari the Globe Cultural Information.
• Scott, B. (2005). Re-imagining PNG: Culture, Democracy, and Australia’s Role (9; Lowy Institute Paper). Lowy Institute for International Policy.
• Standish, W., & Jackson, R. T. (2024). Papua New Guinea. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
• Stead, V. C. (2017). Becoming Landowners: Entanglements of Custom and Modernity in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. University of Hawai’i Press.
• Transparency International. (2024). Corruption Perceptions Index 2023 (Annual CPI Report).
• United States Department of State. (2024). Papua New Guinea (2023 Report on International Religious Freedom). Office of International Religious Freedom.
• Wordsworth, M. (2013, August 15). Patrolling the short hop from PNG to Australia. ABC News.
• Zimmer-Tamakoshi, L. (2001). Papua New Guinea. In M. Ember & C. R. Ember (Eds.), Countries and Their Cultures: Laos to Rwanda (Vol. 3, pp. 1727–1740). Macmillan Reference USA; Advameg.