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The primary author of this profile was Nina Evason (2018).

• Al Jazeera. (2017, November 15). Inside Catalonia’s Battle Over Independence From Spain [Video]. Youtube.
• Antonia, M. A. (2005, May 17). Reconciliation of work, and family life for women in Spain. Eurofound.
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). People in Australia who were born in Spain [Data set]. 2021 Census Country of Birth QuickStats.
• Baker, R. (2013, April 29). Spaniards flock to Australia to escape economic woes. ABC News.
• Baskett, S., Brown, J. & Dubin, M. S. (2004). The Rough Guide to Spain. London: Rough Guides.
• BBC News. (2013, April 25). Spain unemployment hits record high.
• BBC News. (2019, October 18). Catalonia’s bid for independence from Spain explained.
• BBC. (2014, October 14). Languages across Europe: Spain [Archived page].
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2023). Spain. The World Factbook.
• Choi, A. S. (2014, July 15). How cultures around the world think about parenting. TED Conferences.
• COMMISCEO Global. (2017). Spain Guide. Commisceo Global Consultancy.
• CoverMore. (2015, September 7). How to Deal with Culture Shock – Spain.
• Culture Crossing. (2017). Spain. Culture Crossing Guide.
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2022). Spain country brief. Australian Government.
• Department of Home Affairs. (2018). Community Information Summary: Spain-born. Commonwealth of Australia.
• Directorate General for Language Policy. (2013). Language Use of the Population of Catalonia: Key results of the Survey on Language Use of the Population 2013 [Report]. Government of Catalonia.
• European Commission. (2006). Europeans and their Languages (Special Eurobarometer 243).
• European Commission. (2019). The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU (Special Eurobarometer on Discrimination, 439).
• Eurostat. (2022a). Divorce rates in Europe in 2020, by country, per 100 marriages. Statistica.
• Eurostat. (2022b). Unemployment statistics at regional level [Data set]. European Union.
• Eurostat. (2023a). Population by age group: Spain [Data set]. European Union.
• Eurostat. (2023b). Unemployment rates by sex, age, educational attainment level and NUTS 2 regions (%) [Data set]. European Union.
• Fitjar, R. D. (2009). The Rise of Regionalism: Causes of Regional Mobilisation in Western Europe. London: Routledge.
• Fodors Travel. (2011, March 11). Customs and Etiquette in Spain: 15 Things Every Visitor Should Know.
• Freeman, S. T. (2001). Spain. In M. Ember & C. R. Ember (Eds.), Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe (Vol. 4, pp. 2064–2085). Macmillan Reference USA; Advameg.
• Global Affairs Canada. (2015). Culture – Spain. Government of Canada.
• Harrison, R. J., Viguera, M. J., Smith, C. D., Ginés, J. V., Koenigsberger, H. G., Shubert, A., Rodriguez, V., Richardson, J. S., Carr, R., & O'Callaghan, J. F. (2024, January 2). Spain. Encyclopedia Britannica. 
• Hofsetede Insights. (2018). Country Comparison Tool: Spain. The Culture Factor Group.
• Instituto Nacional de Esyadística. (2015). Marriages and births in Spain [Archived article]. Eurostat.
• Instituto Nacional de Esyadística. (2022a). Average age at First-Marriage by sex and nationality (Spanish/Foreign) [Data set].
• Instituto Nacional de Esyadística. (2022b). Basic Demographic Indicators 2021 [Final data report].
• Instituto Nacional de Esyadística. (2023). Statistics on Annulments, Separations and Divorces Year 2022 [Press Release].
• Jones, J. (2015, April 16). Rajoy more hated than Franco among youth. The Local.
• Jones, J. (2017, June 11). It’s time to put the tired Spanish siesta stereotype to bed. BBC.
• Jose Mateo, J. (2017, June 2). It’s the politicians, stupid. El País.
• Just Landed. (2016). Social Customs in Spain.
• Kelley, P. (2017, February 22). Spaniards’ lack of sleep isn’t a cultural thing - they’re in the wrong time zone. The Guardian.
• Malaga, B. (2007). Guide to Etiquette in Spain [Blog post]. Tripadvisor.
• Mangen, S. (2001). Spanish Society After Franco: Regime Transition and the Welfare State. New York: Palgrave.
• Meaney, M. & Viguer, B. A. (2016). Spain – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs and Culture. Malaysia: Bravo Limited.
• Minority Rights Group International. (2018, September). Spain – Roma/Gypsies. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
• Museums Victoria. (2017). Immigration History from Spain to Victoria. Origins.
• OECD. (2022). Evolving Family Models in Spain: A New National Framework for Improved Support and Protection for Families. OECD Publishing.
• Office of International Religious Freedom. (2022). 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Spain. U.S. Department of State.
• Pariona, A. (2018, June 14). The Major Religions in Spain. World Atlas.
• Passport to Trade. (2014). Meeting Etiquette.
• ProQuest. (2017). Culture Grams: Spain. Michigan: ProQuest.
• Rainsford, S. (2010, November 6). Catholic Church in Spain fights Franco-era image. BBC News.
• Rough Guides. (2018). Culture and Etiquette in Spain.
• Schrade, A. O. (1972). Children’s Responses Toward Spanish Cultures through the Integration of Fles, Language Arts and Social Studies [Doctoral Dissertation].
• Simple Logica. (2016). Índices de opinión pública.
• Spanish Centre for Sociological Research. (2018). Barometer Of January 2018.
• Stanic, C. (2023, June 21). Nonverbal Communication Rules in Spanish Cultures. All Getaways.
• Transparency International. (2023). Corruption Perceptions Index 2022.
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2019). Mean age of men at first marriage [Table].
• Vox. (2017, November 3). Catalonia’s independence movement explained [Video]. YouTube.
• Warburton, K. (2017). Business Culture in Spain.
• Zeffiro, N. (2016, December 20). The Direct Etiquette of Spain. JYAN Blog.